This briefing is based on work carried out on behalf of the Centre on Innovation and Energy Demand (CIED) an EPSRC-funded End-Use Energy Demand Centre and draws on research presented in a forthcoming paper by Frank Geels and Victoria Johnson ‘Adoption, upscaling, replication/circulation, and societal embedding: Four theoretical models of technology diffusion applied to biomass district heating systems in Austria (1979-2013)’.
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